Coal Jpg

Why is it important?

Coal still supplies just over a third of global electricity generation even though it is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel. While coal is being gradually replaced in most countries for power generation, it will continue to play a crucial role in iron and steel production until newer technologies are available.

Where do we need to go?

The IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario envisions that all unabated coal generation ends by 2040.

What are the challenges?

With energy demand continuing to grow, many countries feel they have little choice but to continue generating power with coal, while some industrial processes require coal’s carbon content. To have a place as a cleaner energy source in the decades to come, governments and the coal industry need to develop and deploy less polluting and more efficient technologies, including but not limited to carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS).

Coal still supplies just over a third of global electricity generation even though it is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel. While coal is being gradually replaced in most countries for power generation, it will continue to play a crucial role in iron and steel production until newer technologies are available.

The IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario envisions that all unabated coal generation ends by 2040.

With energy demand continuing to grow, many countries feel they have little choice but to continue generating power with coal, while some industrial processes require coal’s carbon content. To have a place as a cleaner energy source in the decades to come, governments and the coal industry need to develop and deploy less polluting and more efficient technologies, including but not limited to carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS).

Latest findings

Global coal consumption reached an all-time high in 2022 and the world is heading towards a new record in 2023

Global coal demand reached a record high in 2022 amid the global energy crisis, rising by 4% year-on-year to 8.42 billion tonnes (Bt). In 2023 we expect coal demand to fall in almost all advanced economies. The biggest drops in consumption will occur in the European Union and the United States, where record annual declines of around 20% are expected.

Other advanced economies – such as Korea, Japan, Canada and Australia – are set to see lower rates of decline. Nevertheless, the growth in China (around 5%) and India (over 8%), as well as in Indonesia, Viet Nam and the Philippines – which together represent more than 70% of global coal demand – will more than offset these decreases on a global level.

Global coal consumption, 2000-2025

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A rapid scale up of clean electricity generation and infrastructure is essential for coal transitions in the power sector

A massive scale up of clean sources of power generation, accompanied by system‐wide improvements in energy efficiency, is key to reducing coal use for power and cutting emissions from existing assets. In the APS, global output from existing unabated coal‐fired plants is reduced by nearly 2 500 terawatt‐hours from 2021 to 2030 to get on track for national climate pledges, and 75% of this is replaced by solar PV and wind.

Many of the transitions away from coal observed so far have been driven by rapid uptake of solar PV and wind; however, these have typically been in countries where electricity demand was flat or in decline. A key challenge ahead is to achieve such transitions in fast‐growing emerging market and developing economies such as India and Indonesia, where demand for electricity causes generation from coal to increase until the early 2030s in the APS even with a speedy deployment of renewables.

Key strategies to reduce emissions of existing coal-fired plants in the in the Announced Pledges Scenario, 2022-2050

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Tracking Coal-fired Electricity Generation

Not on track

For the second year in a row, global coal-fired generation reached an all-time high in 2022, pushing CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants to record levels and accounting for more than one-third of total electricity generation. High natural gas prices brought on by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, coupled with extreme weather events, led many regions to turn to coal to secure electricity supplies. While the recent uptick in coal-fired generation is likely to be a temporary glitch in some regions, the overall trend is not on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, which calls for immediate reductions and a global decline in unabated coal‐fired generation of around 55% by 2030 compared to 2022 levels, and a complete phase-out by 2040. 

G7 countries recognise the need to end construction of new unabated coal-fired power generation

Countries and regions making notable progress include: 

  • In June 2023, China started operations at the Taizhou coal-fired power plant in the Jiangsu province, making it the third large-scale coal plant in the world to be equipped with carbon capture technology. 
  • In 2022, two new Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETP) were announced in Indonesia (with a budget of USD 20 billion) and Viet Nam (USD 15.5 billion) to support decarbonisation efforts, including a just transition away from coal power. 
  • The Group of 7 (G7) Ministers of Climate, Energy and the Environment released a communiqué recognising the need to end the construction of new unabated coal-fired power generation, as called for in the NZE Scenario. 
  • At the end of 2021, Portugal closed its last remaining coal plant, becoming the fourth country in the European Union to do so after Belgium, Austria and Sweden. 
  • In Germany, the end date for coal phase-out was recently brought forward from 2038 to 2030 for plants in the western state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
  • Slovakia has expeditated its coal phase-out date from 2030 to 2024.

Global CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants reached a new high in 2022

In 2022 CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants grew by over 2% from the previous year, led in particular by increases in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) in Asia. Gas-to-coal switching in many regions was the main driver of this growth.  

Only four commercial coal-fired power plants have been fitted with carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) to date: the Boundary Dam facility in Canada, the Petra Nova plant in Texas, United States, and the Jinjie Power and Taizhou Power stations in China. The Taizhou project only recently started operation in June 2023 and has a capacity to capture 500 000 tonnes of CO2 each year.

To get on track with the Net Zero Scenario, a global annual average reduction of emissions from coal-fired power plants of around 10% is needed through to 2030. 

Annual change in generation and CO2 emissions from unabated coal-fired power plants in the Net Zero Scenario, 2015-2030

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Coal-fired power generation continued its rise in 2022, driven by high gas prices and extreme weather events

In 2022 global coal-fired power generation rose by nearly 2%. Though the year-on-year change is far less than the 8% growth seen in 2021 as coal rebounded from Covid-19 lows, last year’s growth surpasses the nearly stagnant annual average growth seen in the five years preceding Covid-19. In absolute terms coal-fired generation continued its record-breaking streak for a second year in a row to around 10 400 TWh.  

  • Asia Pacific: The largest absolute increases were in the Asia Pacific region. Extreme weather events and record-breaking natural gas prices led to higher coal use in electricity generation in the region, up nearly 3% from 2021 levels.  
  • Coal-fired power generation in China grew by around 2% compared to 2021. China continues to add new coal-fired power plants to the grid, with 11 GW added in 2022, driven by energy security concerns, local economic interests, and tendency to pair dispatchable power sources with variable renewable sources.  
  • In India, extreme heatwaves in the summer sharply increased electricity demand, which was primarily met by coal-fired generation. This led to a significant year-on-year increase of more than 8.5% in 2022, with a 20% increase in April through July compared to the same period in the previous year. 
  • Europe: Coal-fired generation increased in the European Union by nearly 7% amid low hydropower and nuclear output.  
  • UnitedStates: Despite electricity demand increasing in the United States, coal-fired generation fell by almost 8% in 2022, reversing a 15% increase in 2021. The decrease in coal output was balanced by an increase in generation from natural gas and strong growth in renewables.  

As a result, coal's share of total global generation remained around 36%. This is not on track with Net Zero Scenario, which calls for immediate reductions and a decline in unabated coal‐fired generation of around 55% by 2030 compared to 2022 levels, reducing coal to around 12% of global generation by 2030. 

The European Union and United Kingdom resorted to coal to temporarily increase security of supply amid Russia’s continued invasion of Ukraine

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the ongoing energy crisis have forced the European Union and individual countries to take measures to enhance security of electricity supply amid low nuclear availability and tight gas markets. The United Kingdom and several countries in the European Union have decided – or are discussing plans – to bring reserve capacity back into the market or to postpone closure dates.  

Germany accounts for most of the additional coal-fired capacity, with almost 10 GW for the 2022 and 2023 winter. In the Netherlands, the removal of the 35% production cap on coal-fired plants will add another 3.8 GW. Under confirmed plans, overall coal-fired capacity will increase by about 15% (19 GW) to 146 GW in the European Union and the United Kingdom combined. 

Countries look to policies to transition coal-dependent regions and workers

In January 2022, Brazil passed legislation to establish a just energy transition programme for the coal-dependent state of Santa Catarina. Under the law, Brazil will phase-out coal-fired power generation by 2040 and set out a plan to prepare the region for the coal phase-out. 

In Poland, government and mining union delegates have signed a social contract that sets out a specific timetable for discontinuing hard coal mining at each production unit by the end of 2049.  

In the Czech Republic, the European Commission approved the budget of CZK 40 billion (Czech Koruna) to transform the coal regions of Karlovy Vary Moravian-Silesian and Ústí with the aim of increasing the quality of life of its inhabitants, restoring the area, and developing clean energy.  

Status of coal phase-down pledges

As of end-year 2023, 84 countries had agreed to phase out coal or to not develop new unabated coal power plants, collectively accounting for around 30% of current coal consumption for electricity generation. Of these countries, 37 have incorporated coal phase-out targets with specified dates in national plans -- most are in Europe, and 80% are advanced economies. They include countries with a strong reliance on coal-fired power such as Poland, Czechia and Montenegro.

As of end-year 2023, only four countries had completed their phasedowns: Belgium (2016), Austria (2020), Sweden (2020) and Portugal (2021). Several large countries with a net zero emissions target remain without a coal phasedown plan or commitment, notably China and India, who remain the two most important single coal consumers.

Just Energy Transition Partnership expands to Indonesia and Viet Nam

The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) is a programme launched during COP26 in 2021 by France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union – often called the International Partners Group – to make available the financial resources necessary to accelerate energy transitions and meet climate targets, while ensuring a just transition. 

During COP26, the International Partners Group announced USD 8.5 billion for JETP in South Africa, and the programme has since expanded to other countries. In November 2022, Japan, the United States and other partners announced USD 20 billion for JETP in Indonesia, and in December 2022 the International Partners Group announced USD 15.5 billion for Viet Nam’s JETP.  

G7 countries recognise the need to end new unabated coal-fired power plants

In April 2023 the Group of 7 (G7) Ministers of Climate, Energy and the Environment released a communiqué recognising the need to end the construction of new unabated coal-fired power generation, as called for in the IEA’s Net Zero Scenario. The G7 leaders noted their intention to work with other countries to end new unabated coal-fired power generation projects world wide as soon as possible, in order to accelerate the clean energy transition in a just manner. 

Japanese bank announces plans to phase out funding of coal projects

Opposition to coal is not new, but in recent years an increasing number of governments have announced policies to restrict or prohibit financing for coal projects and investments. Further momentum to restrict financing for coal comes from the financial community, where many institutional investors, pension funds, banks, insurance companies and others have committed to reduce or end their involvement in coal. 

In February 2023 the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) announced that it will phase out project and corporate financing of coal mining projects and coal-fired power plants by 2040. Although SMBC did not specify a detailed timeline for the phase-out, it noted that this will include funding for new mines, expansion of existing mines and related infrastructure. 

We would like to thank the following external reviewers:

  • Andrew Minchener, ICSC TCP
  • Eren Cam, IEA

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