Global cement production by technology in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2070

Notes

SDS = Sustainable Development Scenario. CCUS = carbon capture, utilisation and storage. While historically vertical shaft kilns were considerably less efficient than dry kilns, recent technology improvements have brought their efficiency towards the level of dry kilns (Tsinghua University, 2008). Thus, inefficient shaft kilns are grouped with wet kilns while efficient shaft kilns are grouped with dry kilns. Wet kilns include semi-wet/semi-dry.